Imaan

Brief outline of the correct understanding of “Imaan” as held by Ahl-us-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah. Refutation of beliefs of those who opposed this correct understanding

The word Imaan meaning faith has best been explained in the Hadith of Jibrael (a.s). One cannot be a Muslim if he does not believe in the 5 Articles of Faith. It has to be testified from the tongue, affirmed within the heart & confirmed by doing good deeds. Therefore Imaan is a combination of inward & outward acts.

Hadith of Jibrael (a.s)

Angel Jibrael asked the Messenger (pbuh),"Inform me about iman (faith)" He answered, "It is that you believe in Allah and His angels and His Books and His Messengers and in the Last Day, and in fate (qadar), both in its good and in its evil aspects." He said, "You have spoken truly."[1]

Components of Imaan

Imaan is to maintain unity in Allahs Lordship, names & attributes & in His worship, to believe that Angels exist & are created by Allah(swt), those which have been mentioned by name & to believe in the tasks that are assigned to them, to believe in all the Prophets & Messengers, to believe in the coming of the Day of Reckoning & to believe in Qadar (predestination) which is that Allah(swt) has already pre ordained & written about everything that is to happen & by supplication of the person his Qadr can be changed.

Allah(swt) says in the Quran:

“The Messenger has believed in what was revealed to him from his Lord, and [so have] the believers. All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His books and His messengers, [saying], "We make no distinction between any of His messengers."[2]

Ahl Al Sunnah Wal Jammah & Other Sects

It is important to understand everything in light of the Quran & Sunnah. The Khawarijs believe that deeds are a component of Imaan & if a person commits a major sin then he loses his imaan & becomes a disbeliever. This is an incorrect belief because the Quran has laid down punishment for major sins like adultery & the only sin that Allah(swt) will not forgive is Shirk & others He may forgive.

The Prophet (p) said:

“When a person commits illegal sexual intercourse, Imaan leaves him & remains above his head awning. When he discontinues this illegal behavior, Imaan comes back to him.”[3]

The Mutazilites believe that a person who does a major sin does not become a disbeliever but he will be in Hell forever. Ahl al Sunnah believes that one will be punished for major sins or forgiven on the basis of his repentance. A muslim with even a small amount of Imaan will be taken out of Hell fire.

The Prophet(p) said:

“Allah will admit the people into Paradise or hell & then He will say, “Look for anyone who has the weight of a mustard seed of Imaan in his heart, and bring him out.”[4]

The Murjites believe Imaan includes deeds of the heart but not that of the body & that deeds are just fruit of one’s faith. Ahl al Sunnah believes that one cannot have imaan if he believes in Allah(swt) & the Prophet(p) but refuses to follow their commandments by doing the good deeds. If Imaan is merely a statement  & no actions then it is disbelief.

Allah(swt) says in the Quran:

“And give good tidings to those who believe and do righteous deeds that they will have gardens [in Paradise] beneath which rivers flow..”[5]

The majority of the Maturidis believe that the deeds of the heart are not part of Imaan, only the beliefs in the heart & statement of the tongue. Some even exclude the statement by the tongue. Both of the Murjites & Maturidis believe that faith doesn’t increase or decrease.

The Jahmites believe that Imaan is simply knowledge of Allah(swt), the Asharites & many maturidis believe that Imaan is affirmation by the heart but exludes deeds & the Murjites believe that Imaan includes not just affirmation within the heart but also the deeds of the heart but no other deeds. The Karamites believe that Imaan is just by the testifying of the tongue.

Ahl Al Sunnah believes that Imaan increases or decreases depending on your surroundings, the quality of your sincerity & deeds. One cannot expect his imaan to be the same at all times.

Hanzala Usayyidi went to Allahs Messenger & said “I have turned to be a hypocrite for when I am with you talking about the hereafter the Imaan is at a different level but when I am at home these things go out of our minds.” Allah's Messenger (pbuh) said:  if your state of mind remains the same as it is in my presence and you are always busy in remembrance (of Allah), the Angels will shake hands with you in your beds and in your paths..”[6]

“The believers are only those who, when Allah is mentioned, their hearts become fearful, and when His verses are recited to them, it increases them in faith; and upon their Lord they rely”[7]

One cannot just believe in the heart & not testify with his tongue. For if this was the case Abu Talib who knew that Islam was the very truth who refused to testify it with his tongue would have been blessed with Jannah. Because of this belief scholars consider the Jahmites to be out of the fold of Islam.

Abu Talib once said, “I know that the religion of Muhammad, is the best of all the religions of mankind, Were I not to be scolded & abused, I would have confessed it openly.”[8]

The Belief of the Karamites is also against the belief of Ahl al Sunnah because if a person testifies with his tongue but his heart does not affirm then he is a hypocrite. Hypocrites will be in the deepest part of hell fire.

Ibn Abu Izz said:

“According to them hypocrites are perfect believers. But they will suffer the punishment which Allah has promised for them. Thus they contradict themselves.”[9]

Allah(swt)says in the Quran

“Indeed, the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire - and never will you find for them a helper”[10]

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[1]  (no.2, Imam Nawawis 40 Hadith- Hadith)

[2] (Surah Baqra)

[3] (Al-Tirmidhi )

[4] (Muslim)

[5] (International)

[6] (Sahih Muslim)

[7] (www.Quran.com, Surah Anfal:2)

[8] (Zarbozo)

[9] (Ibn Abu al Izz, Volume 2, pg460)

[10] (www.Quran.com, 4:145)

Response to the common myth about Hadith is that it was compiled two centuries after the Prophet(peace be upon him)

Response to the common myth about Hadith is that it was compiled two centuries after the Prophet(peace be upon him)

By Samia Salim

Intro

Our creator Allah (swt) bestowed on us the final revelation by revealing to the Prophet(Pbuh) with the Quran & Sunnah. The Sunnah is synonymous to hadith & refers to whatever statements, acts, approvals, physical or character descriptions that are attributable to the Prophet(Pbuh) along with his biography before or after the beginning of his Prophethood.[1]

On the other hand the term Hadith refers to whatever is transmitted from the Prophet(Pbuh) of his actions, sayings, tacit approvals, or physical characteristics. Hadeeth are the containers in which the Sunnah of the Prophet(Pbuh) was conveyed during his life time and after his death.[2]

"And whatsoever the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) gives you, take it; and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it."[3]

Preservation of the Quran & Sunnah

Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) was the Final Messenger of Allah(swt) to whom the Quran was revealed and something similar to it, which is his Sunnah. It was the duty of the Prophet(pbuh) to explain to people what Allah had commanded us to do in the Quran. When Allah promised to protect what He revealed it not only refers to the Book of Allah but it also refers to the Sunnah which have been preserved to this day. If Allah(swt) had only meant the words of the Quran then people till this day could have played havoc to the interpretation & meaning of the Quranic injunctions.

Allah(swt) says in the Quran,

“Indeed, I have revealed the Reminder, I will, indeed, protect it”[4]  

The Myths

There are a lot of widespread myths regarding the hadith of the Prophet(pbuh) that these were not compiled until 2 centuries after the death of the Prophet(pbuh). On this basis people question the authenticity of the Hadith that we have today.  The verse quoted above makes it clear to us that Allah(swt) Himself promised in the Quran to protect the reminder which refers to both the Quran & the Sunnah. Critiques often just refer to the reminder as the Quran & therefore place yet another argument that Allah(swt) did take the charge of protecting the Quran but not the Hadith.

“He (Muhammad) does not speak from his desires; indeed, what he says is revelation.”[5]

Era of the Prophet(Pbuh)

At the time of the Prophet(Pbuh) people started memorizing & recording the Quran & Hadith. He forbade the recording of the Hadith initially so as to avoid mixing the text of the Quran with that of the Sunnah.

Abu Saeed al Khudri narrates: The Prophet (pbuh) said,

“Do not write about or from me, and whoever has written anything from me other than the Qur’an should erase it.”[6]

Some scholars referred to this hadith as being weak but the majority take it as being authentic. This hadith was abrogated by another Hadith.

Aboo Hurayrah said: When Makkah was conquered, the Prophet (ρ) gave a sermon. A man from Yemen, called Aboo Shaah got up and said, “O Messenger of Allaah! Write it down for me.” The Messenger of Allaah (Pbuh) replied, “Write it for Aboo Shaah.”[7]

The hadith about writing occurred in the Final hajj of the Prophet(pbuh) towards the end of the Prophet’s life.[8] This refutes the claim of many critics who used the above hadith to show that Hadith were not recorded at the time of the Prophet (Pbuh).

‘Abdullah ibn ‘Amr said: “I used to write everything which I heard from the Messenger of Allaah (ρ) with the intention of memorizing it. However, some Qurayshites forbade me from doing so saying, ‘Do you write everything that you hear from him, while the Messenger of Allaah is a human being who speaks in anger and pleasure?’ So I stopped writing, and mentioned it to the Messenger of Allah (Pbuh). He pointed with his finger to his mouth and said: ‘Write! By Him in whose hand is my soul, only truth comes out from it.’[9]\

Era of the Sahaba

The Hadith were not only recorded by many in written form on various mediums but it was also memorized by many. Following the period after the death of the Prophet(Pbuh) people now started narrating the hadith as the Messenger was no longer amongst them. The leading narrators of the Prophet’s traditions who were known to have recorded them in writing were Abu Hurayrah, Abdullah Ibn Abbas, Abdullah Ibn Amr Al Aas, Aboo Bakr etc.

Era of The Taabi’oon

After the Sahabah, came the period of the Tabioon which is the 1^st century. In this period Islam had spread far & people now started fabricating hadith. Caliph Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz at this time ordered the scholars to start compiling the hadith before they were lost. Aboo Bakr ibn Hazm, Sa‘d ibn Ibraaheem and Ibn Shihaab az-Zuhree were among those directed by the Caliph to compile the Hadeeth In this period the systematic compilation of Hadeeth had begun on a fairly wide scale.[10]

Compilations

The compilation of Hadith of Abdullah ibn Amr al Aas can be seen in his Saheefa Saadiqaa which composed of about 1000 hadith all of which can be found in the Musnad of Imam Ahmad. Another compilation was that of the student of Abu Hurayrah, Hummam Ibn Munabah known as Saaheefa Saheehaa. Then there was the Saheefa of Basheer Ibn Naheek, Musnad of Imam Abu Hurayrah, Saaheefa Alee (R.A) which was a voluminous collection. The narrations of Aa’ishah Siddeeqa(r.a) were written by her student, Urwah Ibn Zubair. There were many compilations of the hadith of Ibn Abbaas (R.A). Sa’eed Ibn Jubair would compile his narrations.[11] Sa’eed Ibn Hilaal  narrates that Anas Ibn Maalik (R.A) would mention everything he had written by memory; whilst showing us he would say:

“I heard this narration from the Messenger of Allaah (pbuh) myself and I would write it down and repeat it to the Messenger of Allaah (pbuh) so that he would affirm it.”

Era of The Taabi’ut-Taabi’een

In the 2^nd century, Imam Ahmad who was a student of Imam Zuhri compiled his book Muwatta Ibn Malik with around 1720 hadith. Other books which were compiled during his time were Jaami Sufyaan ath-Thawree, Jaami Abdullaah Ibn a l-Mubaarak, Jaami Imaam a l-Awzaa’ee, Jaami Ibn Juraij, Kitaab al-Akhraj of Qaad hi Abu Yoosuf, Kitaab al-Athaar of Imaam Muhammad.[12]

Conclusion

One can easily use any of the Hadith quoted above & names of the famous Sahaba, compilers & scholars who started compiling the Hadith not two centuries after the death of the Prophet(pbuh) but way before that. Hadith were not only found in written form but were also preserved in the memories of those who narrated them.

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[1] Book- Fundamentals of Hadith studies by Dr Bilal Philips, page 7

[2] Book- Fundamentals of Hadith studies Pg 5 & Pg 7

[3] Surah Al-Hashr (59:7)

[4] Surah Al Hijr (15:9), page 7,Book- Fundamentals of Hadith by Dr Bilal Philips

[5] Soorah an-Najm (53:3-4)

[6] Sahih Muslim 229/8

[7] Vol. 3 no. 3642 and authenticated Saheeh Sunan Abee Daawood, no. 3101, Bukhari 113/279/1

[8] Book: The Chain of Command, taught by Shaykh Abdul Bary Yahya- The master Reference, www.kalamullah.com

[9] Sunan Abu Dawud, vol. 3, p. 1035, no. 3639

[10] Book-‘Fundamentals of Hadith studies’, by Dr Bilal Philips

[11] Book ‘Compilation of Hadith’ by Shaykh Abdul Ghaffar Hassan Rehmaanee pg 11-12

[12]  Book ‘Compilation of Hadith’ by Shaykh Abdul Ghaffar Hassan Rehmaanee pg 14-15 www.kalamullah.com

Refutation of the Claim that Surah Fussilat (41), verses 9-12 contradicts other verses (7:54, 10:3, 11:7) which state that the world was created in six days

By Samia Salim

Allah says in the Quran,

“Then do they not reflect upon the Qur'an? If it had been from [any] other than Allah , they would have found within it much contradiction”[1]

The Quran is the final book of Allah(swt) that was revealed to our beloved Prophet Muhammad(pbuh). It is the perfect word of our Lord that He has promised to protect & guard from any corruption till the day of judgement.

“Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its guardian.”[2]

Anti Islam subjects, orientalists, modernists, secularists, atheists & many others have always tried to undermine the divinity of the Quran. Thousands of books, articles & blogs have been written to show that Quran cannot be the word of God & that it was written by Muhammad(Pbuh) himself. A lot of effort has been put into trying to find contradictions within the Quran so as to support their anti-Islamic stance.

Surah Fussilat (41:9-12)

Verse 9 -"Do you indeed disbelieve in He who created the earth in two days and attribute to Him equals? That is the Lord of the worlds."

Verse 10 – “And He placed on the earth firmly set mountains over its surface, and He blessed it and determined therein its [creatures'] sustenance in four days without distinction - for [the information] of those who ask”

Verse 11 - “Then He directed Himself to the heaven while it was smoke and said to it and to the earth, "Come [into being], willingly or by compulsion." They said, "We have come willingly."

Verse 12 – “And He completed them as seven heavens within two days and inspired in each heaven its command. And We adorned the nearest heaven with lamps and as protection. That is the determination of the Exalted in Might, the Knowing”[3]

Contradiction regarding Creation of the Earth & the heavens

One of the famously quoted contradictions that people state in their books or articles is that pertaining to the creation of the Earth & the heavens. They say that in Surah Fussilat verses(9-12) the earth & the heavens is said to be created in 8 days whereas in other places in the Quran the earth & the heavens were created in 6 days.

When one reads the translation of the above verses & adds up the number of days mentioned  it comes up to being 8 days. This is clearly a result of misinterpretation. In  Verse 9 Allah(swt) states that he created the earth in 2 days, then in Verse 10 He states that he set on it firmly the mountains & determined the sustenance of the creatures in 4 days. If you add these it comes up to 6 days. Then in Verse 12 he states that he completed the seven heavens within 2 days. So if you add 6 & 2 it comes up to 8 days.

Addressing the Contradicting verses

In Verse 9 of Surah Fussilat, Allah is addressing those who deny Allah(swt) as their Lord, they are those who associate with Him partners & people who contradict or question the fact that it is Allah(swt) who created the earth in 2 days. These verses are always misinterpreted in the form of contradictions so as to undermine & place a question mark on the authenticity of the Quran. These people even if you explain to them what the verse means will keep on using this verse to cause disbelief in the hearts of man because they don’t want to believe in the Oneness & superiority of Allah(swt).

“And We did certainly create the heavens and earth and what is between them in six days, and there touched Us no weariness”[4]

In verse 9, Allah(swt) specifies the number of days that He took to create the Earth. The verse that follows then informs us that a total of 4 days were taken for the Earth to be created, the mountains to be firmly set as pegs on the earth & provision of the sustenance. This explanation is supported by Qurtubi in one of his books.

Al-Qurtubi said: 

“in four days” – this is like someone saying, “I set out from Basra to Baghdad in ten days and to Kufa in fifteen days, i.e., a total time of fifteen days.”[5]

Allah(swt) affirms to the creation of the earth & the heavens in 6 days in various places in the Quran.

“Indeed, your Lord is Allah , who created the heavens and the earth in six days and then established Himself above the Throne, arranging the matter [of His creation]. There is no intercessor except after His permission. That is Allah , your Lord, so worship Him. Then will you not remember?”[6]

“It is Allah who created the heavens and the earth and whatever is between them in six days; then He established Himself above the Throne. You have not besides Him any protector or any intercessor; so will you not be reminded?”[7]

Translation of Verse 11-12

The Arabic word ‘summa’ used in verse 11-12 have been translated in various translations as ‘then’. The translation ‘then’ means ‘afterwards’. If this translation is used in the verse of Surah Fussilat then it means that first Allah(swt) created the Earth & then he started providing the sustenance & then he created the heavens. This would make the total number of days to 8.[8]

“Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe?[9]

The verse of Surah Anbiya above further supports our explanation given above. It shows us that Allah(swt) created the earth & the heavens simultaneously. Again the Arabic word ‘summa’ should be translated as moreover or simultaneously rather than using the word ‘then’.

“And it is He who created the heavens and the earth in six days - and His Throne had been upon water - that He might test you as to which of you is best in deed.”[10]

In Tafsir Ibn Kathir its mentioned that Allah(swt) created the Earth in two days that is on Sunday & Monday, provided in it with provision on Tuesday & Wednesday & created the heavens in two days  that is finished forming them as seven heavens on Thursday & Friday & decreed in each heaven its affair.[11]

Conclusion

Therefore the explanations given above, the other verses which tell us about the creation of the earth &heavens in 6 days are clear proofs to refute the claim that there is a contradiction in the Quran.

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[1] 4:82 www.Quran.com , Sahih international

[2] 15:9 www.Quran.com , Sahih international

[3] 41:9-12 www.Quran.com, Sahih International

[4]  (50:38) www.Quran.com, Sahih International

[5]  Qurtubis Book, Al-Jaami’ li Ahkaam al-Qur’aan, vol. 15, p. 343

[6] (10:3)

[7] (32:4)

[8] http://www.irf.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=483%3Aheavens-and-earth-created-in-six-days-and-not-eight-days&catid=72%3Amcq-who-have-some-knowledge-about-islam&Itemid=199

[9] (21:30) www.Quran.com, Sahih International

[10] (11:7) www.Quran.com, Sahih International

[11] www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2128&Itemid=97

Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (r.a)

Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (r.a)

          by Samia Salim

Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal bin Hilal bin Asad bin Idris bin Abdullah bin Hayyan is the full name of the great Imam. His father was the soldier of Merv, & his grandfather Hanbal was the governor of Sarkhas during the rule of the Umayyads. His mother Safiyyah bint Maimoonah Shaibani was from the tribe of Banu Amir. [1] She always enjoyed the company of Imam Ahmad even when he grew up & he was very dutiful to her. He was born in the year 164 A.H in Baghdad. He is heard to have said that he never saw his father or grandfather & was an orphan. He had no siblings.

He was married after reaching the age of 40. His first wife was Umm Al Fadl who bore him his first child Salih & his second wife was Raihanna who bore him Abdullah.[2]

Description

Imam Ahmad was tall, good looking, had a brown complexion & his hair used to be dyed with unripe henna. His dress used to be extremely simple & always used to stay neat & clean.

Abdul Malik Al Maimoona said : “ I do not think I have seen anyone cleaner in his dress, nor more meticulous about his personal toilet, such as trimming his moustache & his head hair & removing his public hair, nor with cleaner or white garments than Ahmad bin Hanbal.”[3]

Qualities

 Imam Ahmad became a scribe at the age of 14. He was of a high moral character & when the women had to write letters to their families stationed in other areas they would let Imam Ahmad do the writing & he would refuse to write down anything which was objectionable.  He was extremely patient & well mannered.  He was awe inspiring & did not like joking. He lived in a state of poverty but never accepted any help or gifts from anyone.

Pursuit of Knowledge

He starting memorizing the Quran & said his Tahajud from a very early age. After Fajr he would always go & study under a well known scholar Abu Bakr Ibn Ayash. He also studied under Hushaym Bin Basheer for around 4 years.[4] After Hushaym bin Hasheer passed away Imam Ahmad on his quest for knowledge & search of hadith travelled extensively, to Basra, Hijaz, Yemen & Kufa. In Mecca he met Imam Shafi & learnt his jurisprudence. He then went to Sa’na to acquire knowledge from Abdur Razaq bin Hammam & suffered from discomfort illness & poverty due to extensive travelling.

Imam Ahmad narrated many ahadith & attained the status of Imam. He once said that,

“ I will seek Knowledge until I enter the grave”.[5]

Ahmad bin Salamah said: “I mentioned Yahya Ibn,Yahya Ishaq hin Rahawaih & Ahmad bin Hanbal to Qutaibah bin Saee’d & he said: “Ahmad bin Hanbal is the greatest in knowledge of all those whom you mentioned.”[6]

Imam Ahmad had memorized a lot of hadith & had a comprehensive knowledge of them. He was a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence.

Respect for Knowledge & his Teachers

Imam Ahmad was a very humble man. He had high respect for the knowledge he was gaining & also held all this teachers in high esteem, respect & revered them.  Once the Imam went to Khalaf to acquire & hear the hadeeth of Abu Awanah & refused to sit in an elevated position and said:

“I will not sit except facing you; we were ordered to show humility before those who we are learning.”[7]

In the same way all the scholars & his teachers respected him & held him in high esteem due to his understanding, dedication & perseverance.

Abul Waleed At Tayalisi said,”There is no one in the two cities of Basra& Kufa more beloved to me than Ahmad bin Hanbal, nor is there anyone whom I esteem more deeply in my heart than him.”[8]

Firm Adherence to the Quran & Sunnah

Imam Ahmad was a Mujtahid. He did not give legal verdicts until the age of 40. He did not allow his students or others to record his verdicts & was of the opinion that it is an innovation to write down his opinions & that the final authority would always be the Quran & the Sunnah.

Musnad of Imam Ahmed Ibn Hanbal

His famous work is his Musnad in which out of 700,000 ahadith that he had gathered recorded 30,000[9] in his book. He did not record the hadith according to chapters but he recorded them under names of various narrators.

The Trial of the Imam

The Mutazilites had started promoting that the Quran was created. People were subjected to treachery & forced to accept that it was created. The chief judge, Ahmed Ibn Abee Dawood advised Caliph Mamoon to persecute those who resisted to this innovated idea. Imam Ahmad resisted the idea & stood up to this fitna thus imprisoned. Caliph Mamoon send for him a threatening message on which the Imam said:

"I ask Allah to suffice me, for what is (this life) but a short while."

After Mamoon came Caliph Mu’tasim who also had arguments with Imam Ahmad regarding Quran being  the created, on which the Imam said:

"The Speech of Allah Is not a creation.Allah says, "And if anyone of the polytheist seeks your protection then grant him protection, so that he may hear the Word of Allah."

The Caliph couldn’t break the resolve of Imam Ahmad & the next day in the month of Ramadan when the Imam was fasting he was stripped off his clothing & whipped till he lost consciousness. Then he was transferred to his house & after regaining strength he started his preaching again. The next Caliph was Wathiq, who did not find it appropriate to imprison Imam Ahmad & so asked him to leave on which the Imam went into refuge for 5 years. After the death of Wathiq came Caliph Mutawakil who put an end to the situation. Imam Ahmads patience, endurance, perseverance & hold to the Quran & Sunnah all paid off & the power of the Mutazilites broke & so did the innovated idea of the Quran being created.[10]

Conclusion

Imam Ahmad passed away in 241 A.H. 700,000 men & 60,000 women attended his funeral. Scholars & Historians say that had it not been for Abu Bakr(r.a) we would have had an Islam today that didn’t pay any zakat & without Imam Ahmad we would have had an Islam today that believed in the Quran not being the word of Allah. His contribution in the way of Islam was immense & spend his entire life being a devoted slave of Allah(swt).

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[1] Mawjood, S. A. The Biography of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. Darussalam page 9

[2] Mawjood, S. A. The Biography of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. Darussalam page 16

[3] Hanbal, I. A. Al Manaqib.

[4] youtube (Composer). (2010). Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. [K. A. Mekki, Performer]

[5] Jawzi, I. A. Manaqib Al Imam Ahmad, page 37

[6] Mawjood, S. A. The Biography of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. Darussalam page 25

[7] Jawzi, I. A. Manaqib Al Imam Ahmad, page 71

[8] Tahzeeb Al Kamal, Volume I, page 451

[9] Mawjood, S. A. The Biography of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. Darussalam

[10] A.Kayum, S. A critical analysis of the Modernists & Hadith Rejecters. kalamullah.com, pg26